Ancient Egyptian Art essays

Ancient Egyptian Art essays Egyptian art was an important part of their lives at this time. Art at this time was either commissioned by kings or nobles for temples or tombs. They had wall paintings and statues of gods and kings in temples to serve for a spiritual purpose. Egyptians loved to be surrounded by beauty in life and in death. Egyptian art was for all intent and purposes for religious and funerary art. Colorful paintings and reliefs, which once decorated the walls of tombs of Pharaoh and the royal family, wealthy officials, courtiers, and nobles, ensured the survival of the deceased in the afterlife. Sculptures could serve as a home for the " k " of the deceased which is the spiritual essence while others would be ex-voto and gifts offered to a deity(Smith 32). They believe this spirit would help that person come back in the next life because of they praying to these sculptures. Their homes often had paintings on the walls, and royal palaces had elaborately painted floors and ceilings. Tombs were filled with as many statues, and also carving and painting, as an owner could afford because they believed it would bring them back to a better life. Egyptian statue wall paintings and carved steles were all functional. The images we see of humans and gods, animals and plants, had a religious intention. Egyptian art could only develop as religious ideas evolved; and such ideas in turn were modified only as a result of changes in the environment(Aldred 5). Statues were places where gods or deceased humans could manifest themselves, places where a spirit could dwell. For non-royal people, the images in the tombs were places of contact between the world of the dead and the world of the living. The Egyptians created art to endure. The major art forms they used were sculpture, painting, and sculptured relief. Sculptured reliefs are basically drawings that have been carved on flat surfaces, stone walls and slabs being the...

Osmosis Potato Lab Report Biology Essay Example

Osmosis Potato Lab Report Biology Essay Example Osmosis Potato Lab Report Biology Paper Osmosis Potato Lab Report Biology Paper If the two solutions are of equal concentrations, they will be isotonic. If the concentrations are unequal, the solution with the higher concentration is hypersonic, and the solution with the lower concentration is hypotonic. What is the solute concentration of potatoes? We can determine this by conducting an experiment in which involves the process of osmosis. Potatoes are full of sucrose used for energy storage in plants. Sucrose is a carbohydrate found in food. It is a disaccharide, with a combination of fructose and glucose. Consumers break sucrose down into two inconsistencies so they can be absorbed more easily onto the blood. Sucrose is too large of a molecule to diffuse through a semi- permeable membrane, and therefore needing to be broken down so they can move in and out of cells effectively. If potatoes are placed in a solute containing sucrose, then a concentration gradient would be present and the process of osmosis would naturally occur by moving water through the semi-permeable membranes. If the concentration of sucrose in the solution is less than the concentration of sucrose found in the potato, then the potato would decrease in mass. The opposite would occur as well, if the concentration of sucrose in the elution is more than that of the potato, then the potato would expand and gain in mass. In conducting this as an experiment, we can determine what the solute concentration of potatoes is. Materials The materials used to conduct this experiment are as follows: * Potato * Test-tube Rack * one loom Beaker * One ml Beaker * Distilled Water * Paper Towels * Marker for Test Tubes * 1 mol/L Sucrose Solution * 2 Pipettes * 10 ml Graduated Cylinder * Electronic Balance * Test Tubes * Razor Blade/Scalpel Figure 1. : Cutting of potatoes, weighing of potatoes, and potatoes placed in sucrose solution. In figure 1. 0, we can see that the potatoes were cut with a scalpel into thin slices so they could fit the test tubes appropriately. Then their mass was recorded using the electronic scale. They were placed into the test tubes containing sucrose and were to be left on the test tube rack over a 24 hour radius. The next day, the potato slices were to be taken out and measured again. Safety Considerations It is important for one to be careful using sharp instruments. When there were higher concentrations of sucrose solution, the potato decreased in weight. This is due to the fact that the potato was hypersonic in comparison to the potato. Through osmosis, sucrose from the potato moved along the concentration gradient out and into the test tube making the potato hypotonic. When the potato was distributed into 0. 2 mol/L of sucrose solution, there was no change in weight. This was due to the fact that both were isotonic, and with this, we can infer that the potato contains 0. 2 mol/L of sucrose solution. Discussion and Analysis The percentage of change in mass if the sucrose solution had the same solute concentration as the potato section would be 0%. This is due to the fact that the change in mass occurs in osmosis. Osmosis occurs when an area of higher concentration is trying to get to an area of lower concentration in a semi- ramble solution. If the concentrations are the same, being isotonic, there would be no osmosis occurring, and therefore no change in mass. This occurred when there was a 0. 2 mol/L concentration of the sucrose solution, therefore we can justify that the potato had that same concentration. Figure 1. 4: Graph Results After OH in Solute Concentration With Labeled Hypotonic, Hypersonic, Isotonic The above graph is similar to that of Figure 1. 3, but this has labeled which solutions were hypersonic to the potato cytoplasm, which were hypotonic, and which was isotonic. As the concentration of the sugar increases, the more mass the potatoes would lose. This would make the potato hypersonic. This is because when potatoes are in sugar solution that is of a higher concentration of sugar than the cell sap, (cytoplasm in a plant cell), the water moves out of the cell causing the reduction in mass. Opposite of this, when the potatoes are in a lower sugar concentration than their cell sap, the concentration of water is higher outside the cell so the water moves in the cell causing the potatoes to gain mass through the process of osmosis. This would make the potato hypotonic. When the sucrose solution was at 0. 2 mol/L however, the mass stayed the same because the concentrations were the same. This means that the potato and the sucrose solution were isotonic. Practical Application Fluids that are the same solute concentration as human blood are isotonic. We want this so that cells in our body wont else, or break. If the inside of the cell has less solutes and more solvent, the solvent inside, (water), would diffuse out of the cell by going down the concentration gradient, which would make this hypersonic, causing the blood cells to shrivel and become insufficient. On the other hand, if the inside of the cell has more solutes and less solvent, the solvent outside would diffuse into the cell with the same process potentially causing the blood cell to burst due to it being hypotonic. As mentioned earlier, we know that mass will not change if concentrations of a solute and a solvent are the same, or that are isotonic. If we were to prepare a solute with the same concentration as the potato, 0. 2 mol/L, and to leave it in the solution for 24 hours, we could expect that there would be no change in mass. This being due to the fact that they have he concentrations, and not needing to move along the concentration gradient because they are already of equal concentrations. Grass contains water and the salt does not. When the grass comes into contact with salt, the water escapes and travels into the salt. This is because plant cells have a high concentration of water whereas the salt has low concentrations. Due to osmosis, the water solution in the grass of which is of higher concentration moves to the area of lower concentration in the salt to try to make their concentrations equal. This process in turn causes the grass to dry out and die. Sources of Error Equipment errors include: 100 ml beaker: +/- 0. 05 ml 50 ml beaker: +/- 0. 2 ml 10 ml graduated cylinder: +1-0. 05% 10 ml pipette: 0. 02 ml analytical balance: +/- 0. Eggs Human error could include a variety of things. One could simply read a measurement wrong when filling the test tubes with solution. One could calculate incorrectly by typing in the wrong number. If one fails to put the potatoes into each test tube at the same time, the results could be off ever so slightly. Environmental factors could change results as well, if temperature i s higher than room temperature, osmosis could occur faster than usual. Conclusion In conclusion it was proven that on average, the potatoes that were in the test tube containing little to no sucrose solution gained in mass, and those that were in test tubes containing more or only sucrose had a decrease in mass. Results could have been more accurate if all of the potatoes were placed in each test tube and taken out of each at the exact same time. This would mean that the potatoes would have the same time contacting with the sugar solution. Another way results could have been more accurate would be if each potato was cut into the same shape and size. If the potatoes all had the same mass, then results would be more specific and accurate. It also depends on how the thickness differentiates from potato to potato. If there was one potato thicker than the other, then it may make a difference in how long it takes for the osmosis to occur. If we were to do the experiment again and take the average of both sets of results then it may be more accurate as well. When a plant cell is placed in a solution containing a higher concentration of solute, the water in the cell would move towards the solution. The plant cell would shrink and the flower would wilt.

Business Law International Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Law International - Research Paper Example This therefore makes the establishment of wholly owned subsidiary an alternative to consider. The legal risks Definitely Maybe will be exposing itself to if it embarks on export of Chocolates to China Some difference in law exist between China and UK and this is bound to affect important areas of business for Definitely Maybe. These areas include taxation, import procedures, currency dealings, agency distribution arrangements, protection of intellectual property and property rights. It is also important to understand that international laws and regulations in China could change and this could be applied differently from that of UK. This means that the interests if Definitely Maybe may be compromised if such changes are not friendly to foreign enterprises exporting their products or services to China. However, there is a way to overcome this potential threat. One of the best ways is for the business to draft a contraction in collaboration with a chine legal firm to ensure its interest s are taken care of (Exim Guru 1). China is very sensitive when allowing the importation of goods that are directly consumed by its people. The government is also very sensitive to lawsuits involving life threatening issues like production of harmful products. Definitely Maybe is therefore exposing itself to the risk of being sued for any harm that its chocolates could cause on the Chinese people.. If the company happens to conduct business with a customer who is not trustworthy and the customer fails to pay, the government does not intervene in any way. In addition, legal actions for the recovery of such debts is often expensive and even impossible. Because of this risk, Definitely Maybe must acquaint itself with the type of law and dispute-settlement procedure which the company will apply. Dealing with a different legal system increases the risks of a foreign company becoming confused and experiencing potential problems arising out of this. It is also worthy to note that the compa ny fails to enlighten itself on the responsibilities and issues surrounding the appointment of intermediaries such as distributor or agent, it could lead to unpleasant legal risks like legal disputes. Such legal issues are likely to arise if the company fails to follow the right procedure when appointing its intermediaries. The company must therefore obtain a list stating these issues and ensure they are included in its contract agreement, specifying the duties and rights of the parties involved. The best form of corporate entity that is ideal for Ultra-educators in China It is more significant for Ultra-educators to have wholly owned subsidiary in China as compared to operating through other corporate entities like a branch. One of the reason is that this form of corporate entity limits the liability of the parent company in UK in regard to the activities of its subsidiary in China. Unlike having a branch, there is some there is separation of legal corporate identities between the parent company and its subsidiary (Klein and Coffee 265). Because of this, the parent company is insulated and cannot be sued for the financial and legal issues of the subsidiary. If the company was to open a branch in China for purposes of physical presence, the parent company will totally liable to the legal and financial liabilities of its branch. This is because a branch is not recognised by Chinese law as an entity that is legally separate from its parent company. A wholly owned subs

Negative effect of video games on children Essay

Negative effect of video games on children - Essay Example This proposal argues that while video gaming offers an enjoyable level of entertainment, the negative effects ultimately outweigh the positive benefits and should be altered through increased regulations and parental limitations. One of the primary problems with video gaming systems is their ability to completely consume the individual. While the intentions of the systems are such that they are purposely addictive, this becomes a large problem when one considers this addiction oftentimes begins to function as a sort of drug like control mechanism. Multiple studies have shown that individuals engrossed in video gaming have not only become linked to the in-game experience, but have also allowed it to dictate other aspects of their lives (Anderson 2005). Consider a scenario when an individual purchases a video game and becomes engrossed in the narrative. Not only does the individual become entrenched in these aspects of the game during their playing time, but it has been shown that the game has such a powerful hold that they will rush through work or daily activities as a means of returning to the gaming world. In effect, the game has overtaken the individual’s life and has crippled their ability to function in a normal and productive way. Another negative aspect of video gaming is the potential for video games to cause increased levels of violence among children. From this perspective one need only consider the nature of video games to view the potential for such violence. In many regards the appeal video gaming holds is the ability to experience forbidden realities; for these reasons many video games involve committing crimes, murder, and death (Silva). With the addictive nature of the gaming system it is no large jump to assume that these elements can influence the gamers cognitive structure. In response to these negative effects this essay proposes two major changes. The first change is a call for increased parental regulation on children’s video gaming habits. As children are the primary consumers of video games it’s necessary for parents to step-in and ensure that their children’s gaming habits are not destructive to their overall production and scholastic progress. The second element proposed is that tighter restrictions be placed on the nature of video games. As Munger indicates in Fig. 1 video gaming has demonstrated increased violence levels in adolescents. While the movie industry has faced increasing regulations in terms of ratings, with adolescents only being admitted to certain movies based on age, in-large part the video gaming industry has gone unchecked. What is restricted for children under 17 to view in movies is readily available for them to interact with in video games. With tighter regulations on these aspects, children will have less access to these negative elements and this will in-turn reduce the potential for violence or crime resulting through increased video game play. In order to achi eve this, small steps need to be taken, beginning with individual parents petitioning government representatives to take action. While these proposals are believed to be strong in that they will reduce the negative effects of video games, there are objections that exist in response to their core contentions. In terms of increased parental

The magic of the Arabian Nights Essay Example for Free

The magic of the Arabian Nights Essay The original, authentic, real Ur-text of the Arabian Nights (aka Alf Layla wa-Layla, or the Tales of a Thousand and One Nights, or just the Nights) is a mythical beast. There are far more than a thousand and one nights, for the thirty-four-and-a-half stories in the fourteenth or fifteenth century â€Å"core† body of the Nights were soon supplemented by other tales in Arabic and Persian, from the culture of medieval Baghdad and Cairo, and then in Hindi and Urdu and Turkish, tales carried by pilgrims and crusaders, merchants and raiders, back and forth by land and sea. And then came the narratives added by European translators, as well as the adaptations (in paintings and films) and retellings by modern novelists and poets. There is no agreed-upon table of contents. As Marina Warner points out, at the start of this enchanting book, â€Å"the stories themselves are shape-shifters†, and the Arabian Nights, like â€Å"one of the genies who stream out of a jar in a pillar of smoke†, took on new forms under new masters. The corpus lacks not only parents but a birthplace; Persia, Iraq, India, Syria and Egypt all claim to have spawned it. So the Thousand and One Arabian Nights are not only not a thousand and one but not (just) Arabian. The chronological and cultural strata of the Nights are like the layers of a nested Russian doll: you pull off the twentieth century (Salman Rushdie in Haroun and the Sea of Stories, Walt Disney, Errol Flynn) and then the nineteenth and eighteenth century (Marie-Catherine d’Aulnoy, Jean Antoine Galland, Richard Francis Burton, Edward W. Lane); and finally you get to the Arabic sources, and you think you’ve hit pay dirt. But then you sense, behind the Arabic, Homer and the Mahabharata, and the Bible, and you see that there is no there there. It’s not an artichoke – peel away the leaves of the later, accreted, interpolated layers until you find the original centre – but an onion: peel away the leaves and at the centre you find – nothing. Or, perhaps, everything; lacking a birthplace, the Nights also lack a grave: â€Å"The book cannot ever be read to its conclusion†, says Warner: â€Å"it is still being written†. Scholars who could not cure themselves of the nineteenth-century obsession  of searching for the source (of the Nights, of the Nile, of the human race . . .) were soon disappointed to discover that many of the most popular tales – including â€Å"Sinbad†, â€Å"Aladdin and his lamp†, and â€Å"Ali Baba and the forty thieves† – were arrivistes, with no legitimate Arab parents. Jorge Luis Borges, in his essay on â€Å"The Translators of the Thousand and One Nights†, credits Hanna Diab, the Christian Arab colleague of Galland, with the invention of several of these â€Å"orphan tales†. Aditya Behl (in Love’s Subtle Magic, 2012) traces Sinbad back to Sanskrit tales of Sanudasa the merchant. Like the beast fables and mirrors for princes that travelled from India to Europe, so too these sailors’ yarns about the marvels of the Indies circulated in the Islamic and pre-Islamic world of the Indian Ocean. (There is also a thirteenth-century Hebrew text of the Sinbad story). But for many people, the Arabian Nights without â€Å"Sinbad† or â€Å"Aladdin† is like Hamlet without Hamlet, and purists who produced â€Å"authentic† editions without these tales met with such backlash from the reading public that they quickly published supplementary volumes including the beloved bastards. Warner’s subtle unravelling of the rich history of this tradition, from the earliest Arabic traces to present-day interpretations, demonstrates that each of the many versions has a claim to its own authenticity. Yet, within the Arabic tradition, the tales of the Nights were discounted as popular trash, pulp fiction; despite numerous allusions to the Prophet, and quotations and echoes of the Qur’an, they were â€Å"too much fun, often transgressive or amoral fun, to be orthodox or respectable . . .†. Galland cleaned out the homosexual episodes, but Burton (whom Warner calls â€Å"the Frank Harris of the desert and the bazaar†) footnoted them and generally made the tales more salacious, stealing most of them from Richard Payne and adding many of his own, thumbing his nose at the prevailing prudery of Victorian Britain, â€Å"with glee and a fair deal of invention, projection, and transference†. One reviewer epitomized the European translators as â€Å"Galland for the nursery, Lane for the library, Payne for the study, and Burton for the sewers.† Stranger Magic: Charmed states and the â€Å"Arabian Nights† explodes two myths about the Nights: that only the Arabic stories are the â€Å"real ones† and that  you need to know Arabic to understand the Arabian Nights. The two ideas are mutually reinforcing: if there were a single ancient Arabic text, one might well want to read it in the original language; but since there is no such text, the stories in all languages and translations are fair game for all of us to respond to (a creative process in which, as Borges put it, â€Å"the translator is being translated†). The full spectrum of stories certainly yields spectacular insights in the hands of Warner, Professor of Literature, Film, and Theatre Studies at the University of Essex, who knows more than anyone alive about the uses of myth and folklore in literature, fine arts, and film. She has written eye-opening books about fairy tales about women (From the Beast to the Blonde: On fairy tales and their tellers, 1996) and men (No Go the Bogeyman: On scaring, lulling, and making mock, 2000) and spirits (Phantasmagoria, 2006) and much else. She is fluent in a number of European and classical languages. But she does not know Arabic. Though she grew up in Cairo and spoke Arabic as a child, â€Å"unfortunately nobody encouraged me to keep it up, and besides, I never could read it†. I must confess that, as a card-carrying Sanskrit snob myself, I first regarded Warner’s lack of Arabic as a potential barrier to her understanding of the stories; after all, as she herself remarks, of William Beckford (1760–1844), â€Å"Beckford paid attention to these inconsistencies and weaknesses in the fabric of the narrative, possibly because he was working from an Arabic manuscript, and the discipline of translation sharpens one’s wits†. Of course, Warner makes good use of the work of scholars of Arabic, pointing out, for instance, contrasts between the Arabic texts in which a huge female jinn (or genie) takes a trophy ring from 570 men, and the translations, in which she gets only ninety-eight. Moreover, the linguistic subtleties that can be achieved only by â€Å"working from an Arabic manuscript† are not essential to the hunt for the larger game that Warner is after, which is a literary archaeology and analysis of what the Nights have meant to people in diverse cultures and epochs, not merely as amusing Oriental artefacts but as profound sources of human understanding. And even linguistic purists will pardon Warner, as W. H. Auden once pardoned  Paul Claudel, for writing well. A fine novelist, Warner works her legerdemain, hiding behind the velvet curtain at the end of the book the endnotes that betray the extraordinary erudition under the elegant prose. She appreciates good writing and laces her book with bons mots from other writers as well as with her own memorable lines, such as â€Å"Homo narrans observes no ethnic divisions, and has more than one god before him† and â€Å"At a level beneath the surface of the narratives, a meaning gathers definition, the watermark in their fabric†. Good writing, good storytelling, is the heroine of this book, embodied in the heroine of the frame story within which all the other stories are gathered: Shahrazad (Scheherazade). The cuckolded and embittered Sultan Shahriyar every night marries a virgin whom he beheads in the morning; Shahrazad volunteers, but after they have slept together she tells him a story that is still unfinished at dawn; the Sultan postpones her execution to the next day, and the next, on and on; in the course of the stories, she cures the Sultan of his misogyny. This is a story about storytelling, feminist protest, dreams, sex and violence. For Warner, it is the springboard for a meditation, threaded throughout the book, on writing as an amulet, a talisman; for writing as magic; and for the story within a story. Putting your own frame around your story makes you the author instead of just a character in someone else’s story – though of course you may be that too, whether you know it or not. The frame mechanism also underlies the themes of the dreamer dreamt, dreams within dreams, and shared dreams, which abound in the Nights, where â€Å"the storytelling scene itself in the Sultan’s bedroom wraps the stories in the night†. Moreover, as Warner points out, â€Å"the anti-realism of the stories matches dream experiences: suddenness and vividness, fragmentation, episodic and often entangling structures, displacements in time and space, the instability of bodies, and a recurrence of certain motifs, are all features of dreams†. Some dreamers move about on flying beds, apropos of which Warner notes that the English words sofa (from suffiah in Arabic), divan (from diwan in Persian), and ottoman (Turkish) are all words for a day bed; the oriental sofa became â€Å"the epitome of oriental hedonism, . . . a low-lying  couch for reclining and abandoning oneself, alone or with others – to love-making, autoeroticism, smoking, gossiping, daydreaming, to storytelling, reading and studying, and to quietness and reflection†. It is the place where daydreaming readers lie fantasizing about the stories they’ve read. The dream stories, too, fly all over. The tale of â€Å"A Fortune Regained† is about a man who learns, from another man’s dream, where his own fortune is hidden. Borges retold it as â€Å"The Story of Two Dreamers† and attributes it to the Arab historian al-Ishaqi, but it also entered Jewish Hassidic tradition (as the tale of Rabbi Eisik from Cracow) and was retold by Martin Buber. Sanskritists can trace some of the dream tales in the Nights back to the Sanskrit text of the Yogavasistha, which was composed alongside the Ocean of Stories, the Indian version of the Arabian Nights (frames within frames, and all), in Kashmir in the eleventh or twelfth century. But Warner’s goal is different; she traces the dream stories forward to our present world, where the idea that the individual mind creates its own reality, which other consciousnesses may enter and control, â€Å"has become a central modern myth, paranoid, solipsistic, and deeply deterministic. It has gained purchase because it matches the way many experience their lives†. Warner chooses just fifteen stories to retell briefly, from both the oldest and later layers (though she does not include â€Å"Sinbad† or â€Å"Aladdin and his lamp†: there is an Aladdin, but instead of a lamp he has a flying bed). Each story inspires an essay on several themes central to that story: jinns, carpets, witches, magicians, dervishes, dream knowledge, Orientalism, King Solomon, talismans, Voltaire and his crowd, Goethe, flying, toys, money, shadows, films, machines, couches, and much, much more. The essays form a coherent chain. This is not, however, a book to read straight through but one to wander in, forward and back, night after night. Most of the stories involve magic. Warner’s argument about the importance of magical thinking in modernity is not particularly surprising, but she documents it in highly original ways. Her analysis of the exoticization of magic through the use of Oriental material, since the eighteenth century,  enhances her discussion of the way that early films of stories from the Nights superimpose Arabic magic on the magic of filmmaking, so that the magic flying horse becomes an objective correlative of the projector, with the peg between the ears of the magic steed, and the brake on the tail, echoing the mechanism that controls the passage of the film through the projector. There is also the magic of speech acts, not just, â€Å"With this ring I thee wed† but â€Å"Hoc est corpus meum†, which inspired the phrase â€Å"hocus pocus† in mockery of the â€Å"trick of transubstantiation†. Warner discusses the magic of things (such as rings and carpets) as fetishes, and cites Lorraine Daston’s insight (in Things That Talk, 2004) into idols (from the Greek eidolon), illusions that are misleading and fraudulent. Daston contrasts idols with evidence, but notes that the two often blend together; forensic exhibits may be fabricated or, on the other hand, become powerful fetishes and take on the idol’s ability to haunt. Warner compares these â€Å"objects with uncanny life† to Winnicott’s transitional objects and to the quasi-magical functioning of her BlackBerry, Satnav, and iPod. And then there is the magic of Freud. Warner suggests that when Freud called his couch an ottoman and covered it with a Persian carpet, he may have been, â€Å"consciously or unconsciously†, creating an Oriental setting for the first psychoanalytical talking cures, â€Å"a form of storytelling, with the roles reversed (it is the narrator who needs to be healed, not the listener-Sultan)†. Freud, who kept a statue of the Hindu god Vishnu on his desk, was very much an Orientalist. Orientalism looms large in Stranger Magic. â€Å"The Orient in the Arabian Nights has its own Orient†, says Warner, also quoting Amit Chaudhuri: â€Å"The Orient, in modernity, is not only a European invention but also an Oriental one†. Fairy tales had always had what Warner calls â€Å"a structural impulse† to imagine that dangerous magic came from far away, but the â€Å"gradual orientalisation of magicians† exacerbated the tendency to have the dirty work done by strangers, â€Å"so that the home team keeps its hands clean and its smile all innocence†. Warner writes in the shadow of Edward Said’s Orientalism (1978), but she is also sympathetic to Said’s later, more balanced, more generous self (in Culture and Imperialism, 1993), and she  acknowledges some of the positive uses of Orientalism. Through the dynamics of â€Å"reverse colonization†, eighteenth-century Europeans used images of Orientalist despotism and sexual and religious depravity to parody their own culture; Voltaire’s satirical Oriental contes were â€Å"an obvious instance of the West putting on Eastern dress in order to examine itself more clearly†. Western feminists could write of â€Å"emancipation in the Oriental mode†, calling up the image of Eastern men, castigated for tyranny and sexual abuses; while the effeminate East reflected Western women’s condition back to them. Performances of plays about Aladdin, in Britain, were used to address, covertly, arguments about the slave trade in America. The film The Thief of Bagdad (1924, directed by Raoul Walsh, and starring Douglas Fairbanks) is, as Warner points out, â€Å"flagrantly Orientalist†. It ends with the Thief â€Å"acclaimed by the adoring grateful multitude as he enters the city at the head of an army bent on rescuing Baghdad from the tyrant emperor†. For us, the city is no longer Hollywood’s â€Å"Bagdad†, but CNN’s Baghdad. As I read Stranger Magic, the city of Bagdad/Baghdad shimmered before my eyes in a double image: the magical place of flying carpets and the scene of a devastating war. I was stunned by the relevance of phrases from the old stories, such as, â€Å"He falls into such a rage he declares war on Iraq: he will lay the country to waste†. Eventually we learn that Baghdad and Iraq had those double meanings for Warner as well. How could they not? As she viewed the film, The Thief of Bagdad, during the war in Iraq in 2003, it became â€Å"an unconscious parable of Western expansionism at the level of nations†. She began the research for this book during the first Gulf War, and wrote it â€Å"during the many, appalling and unresolved conflicts in the regions where the Nights originated. I wanted to present another side of the culture cast as the enemy and an alternative history to vengeance and war†. Not that the Nights themselves come off scot-free; the â€Å"later layers† of narratives include a lot of violence against Christians and conversion to Islam, while the European translations are often anti-Semitic. But in earlier layers there is more interfaith marriage and the observance of Islamic precepts of  tolerance. Warner hopes that her reading of the Nights might offer â€Å"a path towards cha nging preconceptions about Arabs, Islam, and the history and civilization of the Middle and Near East†. The impulse to write a book reminding readers of the beauty and wisdom of that civilization makes Warner an Orientalist in the pre-Saidian, positive sense of the word, which once meant â€Å"people who love the Orient† – never mind how or why they loved it. Many of the early European historians of religions, in the eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth centuries, were trying, within their Orientalist limits, to make the civilization of the Orient comprehensible, and hence acceptable, to people in the West who would otherwise regard all Orientals as ignorant savages. The founding mantra of the science of comparative religion was the hope that if you know peoples’ stories you are less likely to slaughter them, the lesson that Shahrazad taught to the Sultan. This is the comparatist’s version, avant la lettre, of Emmanuel Levinas’s famous dictum that the face of the other says, â€Å"Don’t kill me†. The guiding impulse of Stranger Magic tur ns out to be that noble, if perhaps naive, Orientalists’ goal. But Warner has another personal investment in this book. She asks, at the start, â€Å"How do we live with the intrinsic, problematic irrationality of our consciousness? How do we make a helpful distinction between religious adherence and an acknowledgement that myth and magic have their own logic and potential, independent of belief in higher powers?† Noting that eighteenth-century writers used the Orient as a place where â€Å"their own reasoning imagination could take wing†, and granting that â€Å"reasoned imagination† (Borges’s phrase) is an oxymoron, she nevertheless hopes that the dream-like stories of the Nights might be the â€Å"fable of modernity† that she has longed for, â€Å"a fable that would meet anthropological needs†. Warner confesses that her particular attraction to â€Å"the implausible, impossible, and fantastic stories† puzzles her, for, she remarks, â€Å"I was once a fervent Catholic and know what it is like to yield fully to verbal transformative magic, miracles, and other demands on faith beyond reason, and I struggled free (lost my faith) a long time ago. So why do I still like to think and read about jinn and animal metamorphoses, conjured palaces and vanishing  treasures, deadly automata and flying sofas, ghastly torments and ineluctable destinies?† Ah, Marina, walk over to that ottoman that Freud covered with the carpet, lie down, and reread that paragraph; it is not your question, but your answer. And, abracadabra, it is our answer too.

The JD Sports Website: A Review Essay examples -- Electronic Business

The purpose of the website is to make the company money and ensure that a large profit is made. It does this by selling items such as clothing, footwear and accessories. JD sports is not just an online business, it also operates as a high street shop as well. The website runs alongside the high-street shops to help makes sales. The reason it has a website is because this offers a worldwide option and means that anyone over the world can buy products form JD increasing the profit massively. Having a website also means that there are less overheads and staff then in one of the high street shops. The website has more than one purpose. Another purpose is to ensure that the customer keeps on using the website. This is called ‘retaining’ the customer. The website does meet these objectives successfully as the company is still running and is a very wealthy company so it is obviously making a good profit. JD sports is a very well known company around the world any many people bu y products form JD time and time again so they are very successful in retaining their customers. The JD sports website is structured so that it is quick and easy to find any item that is available. There is a search option in the top right hand of the screen and also a list of every brand that has items on the JD sports website. The website has not currently got a site map so I cannot fully understand the site structure. JD sports offer a range of goods from men’s jackets to women’s footwear. JD specialises in clothing and footwear and they make clothing for men, women and juniors. Big brands such as Adidas, Nike and Fred Perry sell their goods to JD and then JD sell on the goods to the public. This is a good thing as all of the biggest brands are available o... ... and want to buy items of a certain brand. To keep the customers going back to the website again JD offer special offers to its customers. These include such things such as '20% off on your next purchase from us'. This makes the customer want to go back to the website and purchase more items. The reason JD offer these discounts is to retain the customers and keep them shopping on the website. There are various ways that JD put these offers across. One way they do it is to post the offer on the homepage of the website so everyone visiting the website can see it when they first go onto the website. Another way they can put the offers across is to send the offer to their customers via email. This makes the offer being made more personal to each customer. This also ensures that each of their customers receives the offer even if they have not visited the JD website.

“Forrest Gump” Film Review Essay

Forrest Gump, a movie that not only informs the audience and the people who interact with Forrest, about the life of a very simple man (Forrest Gump, played by Tom Hanks). It also teaches morals and the way life is perceived in the beautiful mind of a simple man. Forrest Gump, throughout the movie narrates the story whilst he is sitting at a bus stop telling the people who sit next to him about his past experiences in his life (the storyline and set up of the movie). Most of the people waiting for their bus aren’t convinced and don’t believe Forrest and his stories, how he met Jenny Curran, his first ever real friend who ends up marrying him, how he met Bubba (played by Mykelti Williamson) and became the richest shrimp operator in America with Lt. Dan Taylor, his Lieutenant in the Vietnam War and how he was the Pin Pong champion for the army. The movie and stories told by Forrest all interact with events which actually occurred and impacted on the American society.The special effects in Forrest Gump are used uniquely and widely throughout the movie. One of the most creative effects used in movies which when used appropriately can have an entire different effect on the movie. There was great use of special effects when Forrest throughout the movie meets several presidents of America which some have been assassinated, with the use of special effects it enables and makes the audience think that Forrest was in that time period and able to meet them in person. A technique that is used to show emotions or reactions of characters which is used throughout Forrest Gump. Close Ups are used to give brief explanations of the way the character thinks, feels, etc. It makes the audience feel the emotions created by the character at the time/place. It also gives them a perspective of the characters character/personality. This technique is used when Forrest is a young boy and he is getting his leg braces on. There is a Close Up of his face showing the pain he is being put through in order for him to have a straight back when he is older. This Close Up makes the audience see and feel the pain Forrest is going through, it also shows that he is not a very physical/strong boy because he is not coping with the pain. A technique that is greatly used to create mood or atmosphere which can have a huge impact on the audiences view of the film. This technique is used greatly in Forrest Gump in order to set the time and place of specific  scenes. It is used in the opening scenes when there is a feather which is floating through the sky and around the city. There is music played while this is occurring, the music is soft, calm, basic and emotional which gives the audience the feel and setting of the movie. A technique which is used to involve the audience in the action of the movie so it gives them the feeling that they are involved in the specific scene. This technique is used throughout the movie especially when Forrest is a young boy and he begins to get chased by the class bullies. There is tracking used when the boys start to chase Forrest and Jenny tells Forrest to run and the camera follows him making it seem you are running with him. It shows the speed of Forrest as he is beating the boys who are on push bikes ands later on in the movie the scene is repeated but they are all older and they are chasing Forrest in a car and he still managers to get away. Bubba Forrest’s best friend, one of which is of the same intelligence as Forrest, both being simple minded people. They met in the army where their friendship formed. A man of his word, true to his family beliefs, growing up to one day own a shrimp boating business. Bubba is a man who has a goal and will do anything to succeed in what he hopes to achieve in, which contributes to the meaning of the film that as long as you stick to your goals you can achieve highly. Mrs GumpA woman who has a strong up bring amongst Forrest, she is very strong on her beliefs and will do anything for her son, which is shown in the movie. A woman of high intelligence, kind heart and willing to help people in need which is also shown throughout the movie. Lt. DanA man from a background of war torn history, which for him is a major thing to live up for. Being very angry with Forrest, who saves his life. Forrest is treated in a unique way, both being through hell and back together, which has built their friendship. Lt Dan is a very wise man and also strong on his beliefs and stands by his word, which is shown when he tells Forrest that he will join him on his shrimp boat. Forrest Gump can be portrayed in many different styles of films but it is mainly showing the beautiful mind of a simple man who is taken advantage of in many aspects of his life due to his simplicity and generosity, during the adventures and achievements he achieves throughout his life. In the movie he is portrayed a simple man who achieves in ways the normal man would not achieve which gives the message that anything is possible as long as you have a dream and continue to work at it. Another message is if you help people hopefully the favour will be returned as long as you stay a good, honest person. The director of the film Robert Zemeckis achieves these messages created by posting that feeling of isolation of society which Forrest receives but still managers to be a successful person.

Poem

The poem mess it's about a town sunken in floods, when it says â€Å"deserted room through which a river passes/dragging along the stones†. It also says â€Å"l arrive full of mud and death† and â€Å"corpses are sleeping† which shows significant amount of deaths that would occur during a natural disaster. Also, emotions such as fear and sadness have been conveyed through lines such as â€Å"menacing gestures†, â€Å"a terrifying deserted dining room† and â€Å"l am sad†. â€Å"Melancholy inside families† is a visual experience In the form of words, depicting a disaster struck environment.Furthermore, it can be Imagined hat the 1st person narration Is coming from some form of matter other than humans. 2. Record two examples of Juxtaposition In the poem. â€Å"A dining room where roses arrive/a dining room deserted† and â€Å"a grocery store â€Å"a dining room deserted as a fish bone†- simile. â€Å"a ray of moonlight t ied down†-metaphor. 4. It only takes a moment for everything to fall apart, tomorrow is not going to be what it is today. PART B 5. Describe Nurse's inspirations.During his beginning years, Nurse's inspiration was his mentor Gabriele Mistral, who gave him encouragement; this is clearly visible in his first poem titled enthusiasm and perseverance†. Once he had established himself in the publishing industry, his inspirations were drawn from social and political beliefs, especially communism and Marxism. A great example for this is his work during the Spanish civil war and revolution which resulted in the loss of his friend Garcia Loran. This difficult time inspired his work â€Å"Spain in our hearts†.As pragmatic his political views were, his romantic side was equally notable. Nearer went through many failed relationships before he met his wife, these heart-breaking experiences inspired any of his romantic works, and the top of the list would be his work â€Å"20 p oems of love and 1 song of desperation†. Needless to say, almost every experience in his life has inspired him. For example, when he was forced into exile by his own countrymen, he came up with his work â€Å"The Grapes and the wind†.In his final years, his inspiration was his wife; his love for her inspired him to write â€Å"100 Sonnets of Love†. 6. Other than poetry, in what activities was Nearer involved? Other than poetry, Nearer had an eye for political reforms such as promoting communism and Marxism In both Chile and Spain. He was also responsible for keeping up diplomatic relations for the countries he represented (Chile and Spain). 7. In your own words, describe Nurse's poetic philosophy. Nurse's poetry is not imaginary or larger than life, it is based on real life experiences of the past, present and coming future.Nurse's idea was not satisfy his thirst for writing poems but to entertain people by constantly experimenting with his poetry, similar to how Picasso experimented with his paintings. Just like Picasso, Nurse's works were also drawn from war, misery, pain sufferings and love. It is understood Nearer was a one who believed pen is mightier Han sword, because no matter how difficult his situations were, he responded through his poetry about his life also managing to woo women with his romantic works. In my opinion, Nurse's philosophy was to help people understand what was happening around them.Nearer possibly felt that people were living in an environment where their vision was being clouded and he felt it was important to they have a beautiful and prosperous country to live but they are not getting full advantage of it, this is of course with reference to his work inspired from politics. However, in terms of his love poems, he wanted to help readers relate the poem to heir lives, since he has had experiences which his readers also might have had, such as failed marriage, relationships and falling in love. PART C 8. Day drea mer So often I drown†¦ To this thick white puddle. I do not recall its foundations.It never found me in sleep, for my eyes were never shuttered when it struck. It struck in silence so it never occurred, until the teacher's apple struck with vengeance. Reel of images stop abrupt, eyes crowding on me from every needle. My soul lost, hardly found way back inside. I did not stop it, now way But face it. Wrapped around me like load not, like a girl who held my face and let stare. I was living double lives and climbing cliffs. Often climbing halfway, breaking into portals, Nearly reaching summits that let fly buttoned, yet unbuttoned shirts. And often I see Rum's field, beyond right and wrong.Should I Jump, should I survive? I Jump, for I was immortal to the subconscious. So l, the attention deficit, flinching at my immortality, divinity, hunger to imagine, comparing myself to the creator, for I nurtured a world where I was, just me. 9. Write a love poem to Mario to Beatrice. Be sure to include metaphor. Perch © by Shun Moon perch ©? I the brave onlooker, loud but shy, fisherman yet weak, y boat will sink at when your waves of gaze taunt me. Perch © ? I the Play full lime, Riding along the eclipse of Sun, sea and cliff. Absent and careless, present And dreaming.I will pedal for you till the End of top, through hairpins To heaven and fall to the end of bottom. Perch ©? I the speechless owl, Drifting raft with a leaking drum, Blood and sweat, rush and drain, Drenching me when you near, This isn't fear, its hard labor, Trying to handle your ignorance As you gush past. Don't look away, I'm No prince, I'm no Jester, I'm no gold. I'm me, I'm strong, I'll play with you, Laugh with you, I'll cry With you, I swear on thee I'll flee before sun rise, In search of metaphors and Come suffer with me, I'll return For you when sun shay away, with bread, butter and love.Perch ©? I the awful poet, Looking for words to claim Your heart, I may fail now, but this birth I shall spend gathering courage to say I love you. 10. Identify three aspects of Nurse's real life used in the film. What facts have been changed? A) Nearer fled his country into exile due to political pressure. B) Nearer was admired by females. C) Nearer very much loved his wife. However, Nurse's wife is said to have been a singer, but the movie does not put any mind of spotlight on her. Also, Nurse's exile was not spent in Italy. 1 . How are words shown to have power? State what the film has to say about the power of words and poetry. Words are the main reason the character Beatrice fall for Mario, it Maria's research on metaphors and poetry that led to him reciting poems that flattered Beatrice. In the movie, Nearer tells Mario that he needs an inspiration for his poetry and not Just words, and Mario figures out that Beatrice has to be the centre of his inspiration if he has to write her a poem and not Just metaphors.The vie also emphasizes that setting plays a strong role in writi ng a poem, as the movie shows Nearer asking Mario about the most beautiful things about the town and in the end of the movie Mario recording what are actually the most beautiful things about the town. 12. Beatrice poem to Mario. Wedding bells Walk down the aisle, For I have fallen for thy Words or purity. Find your best man, For I'm ready to march With him towards god. Same when two circles Of gold enter this life For the bond that may See no end. Carry me to the shay, For I shall ride with You to the end of the world.

Free Essays on Global Warming

Global Warming Most of the world today regards the â€Å"global warming† as both real and dangerous. Many aspects, however, have already been discounted by the scientific community. Fears of massive sea level increase, accompanied by many early discussion about global warming. Scientist afraid the sea level would increase onto land due to the melting of ice. It is now widely agreed that even the potential contribution of warming to sea level rise would be swamped by other more important factors (Moran, 1999). These factors include hazardous gases and pollutants. We are entering a period of global warming as a result of burning vast amounts of fossil fuels. By burning fossil fuels, â€Å"we are putting into the air more gases that act like a globe of glass around the planet† (National Geographic, 1990). The ‘globe of glass’ is a mixture of all the fuels that remains permanently on the surface of Planet Earth. It is called glass because it prevents cooling air from entering causing the Green House Effect. Many scientists believe that human processes are contributing to global warming regardless of impact of natural cycles also causing climate change (Keller, 1999). The earth’s climate is predicted to change because human activities are altering the chemical composition of the atmosphere through the buildup of greenhouse gases – primarily carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. The heat-trapping property of these gases is undisputed. Although uncertainty exists about exactly how earth’s climate responds to these gases, global temperatures are rising. Scientists on Hawaii’s Mauna Loa have recorded steady increase in human activities such as burning fossil fuels. Most believe that the rising CO2 level will lead to higher global temperatures and significant climate change (National Geographic, 1990). Some scientists do not be... Free Essays on Global Warming Free Essays on Global Warming Global Warming Most of the world today regards the â€Å"global warming† as both real and dangerous. Many aspects, however, have already been discounted by the scientific community. Fears of massive sea level increase, accompanied by many early discussion about global warming. Scientist afraid the sea level would increase onto land due to the melting of ice. It is now widely agreed that even the potential contribution of warming to sea level rise would be swamped by other more important factors (Moran, 1999). These factors include hazardous gases and pollutants. We are entering a period of global warming as a result of burning vast amounts of fossil fuels. By burning fossil fuels, â€Å"we are putting into the air more gases that act like a globe of glass around the planet† (National Geographic, 1990). The ‘globe of glass’ is a mixture of all the fuels that remains permanently on the surface of Planet Earth. It is called glass because it prevents cooling air from entering causing the Green House Effect. Many scientists believe that human processes are contributing to global warming regardless of impact of natural cycles also causing climate change (Keller, 1999). The earth’s climate is predicted to change because human activities are altering the chemical composition of the atmosphere through the buildup of greenhouse gases – primarily carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. The heat-trapping property of these gases is undisputed. Although uncertainty exists about exactly how earth’s climate responds to these gases, global temperatures are rising. Scientists on Hawaii’s Mauna Loa have recorded steady increase in human activities such as burning fossil fuels. Most believe that the rising CO2 level will lead to higher global temperatures and significant climate change (National Geographic, 1990). Some scientists do not be...

A Step-by-Step Guide to Saying Dad in Chinese

A Step-by-Step Guide to Saying Dad in Chinese Family relations are important in China, and traditionally, the father is the head of the household. There are many ways of saying father or dad in Chinese, but the most colloquial way is the focus of this article.   Chinese Characters çˆ ¸Ã§Ë† ¸ ( bba)  means dad, or father, in Chinese. It is an informal term. The character is written the same way in both simplified and traditional Chinese. Sometimes,  Ã§Ë† ¸Ã§Ë† ¸ is colloquially shortened to just  Ã§Ë† ¸. Pronunciation The pinyin for çˆ ¸ is b, which means the character is pronounced in the 4th tone. But when saying çˆ ¸Ã§Ë† ¸, the second çˆ ¸ is unaccented. Thus in terms of tone numbers, çˆ ¸Ã§Ë† ¸ can also be written as ba4 ba.   Other Terms for "Dad" As mentioned earlier, there are other ways to say dad in Chinese depending on a degree of formality and region. Here are a few examples: çˆ ¶Ã¤ º ² (fà ¹qÄ «n): father, a more formal term çˆ ¹ (diÄ“): dad, also informal and a regional term   Sentence Examples UsingBba WÇ’ b shà ¬ yÄ «shÄ“ng.我çˆ ¸Ã¦Ëœ ¯Ã©â€  «Ã§â€Å¸Ã£â‚¬â€š(traditional Chinese)我çˆ ¸Ã¦Ëœ ¯Ã¥Å' »Ã§â€Å¸Ã£â‚¬â€š(simplified Chinese)My dad is a doctor. TÄ  shà ¬ wÇ’ bba.ä »â€"æ˜ ¯Ã¦Ë†â€˜Ã§Ë† ¸Ã§Ë† ¸He is my father. Regarding this last sentence, note that when you are saying my father, my mother and so on, you normally dont add çš„ to indicate familiarity, ie: ä »â€"æ˜ ¯Ã¦Ë†â€˜Ã§Å¡â€žÃ§Ë† ¸Ã§Ë† ¸. Its not technically wrong, but its also not usually said amongst native speakers.

The Joy Luck Club (novel) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

The Joy Luck Club (novel) - Essay Example Both Jing-mei and Waverly happen to be the daughters of the women who have high expectations of their daughters and do not hesitate to push them so as to make them fulfill the dreams they have regarding them. Also, both Jing-mei and Waverly choose to revolt against the aspirations of their mothers, to lead a life that is in consonance with their innate yearnings and needs. One particular thing about Jing-mei is that she is never able to understand her mother’s high expectations from her and thereby leads a considerable part of her life feeling dejected and confused. Her mother’s expectations from her happened to be unrealistic and not in harmony with what she actually wanted to do in life. Though her mother discernibly encouraged her to be anything she desires to be, yet in her heart she wanted her daughter to be a star. She expects her to be a piano prodigy irrespective of the fact that June had no taste for music and her vociferous protests as, â€Å"I’m not y our slave. This isn’t China. You can’t make me (Tan 150)!† The troubled consciousness of Jing-mei is extremely hurt by the obstinacy of her mother as she says, â€Å"Only two kinds of daughter: obedient or follow own mind. Only one kind of daughter can live in this house, obedient kind (Tan 151).† Thereby, June tends to have a hazy self concept and feels like a failure as she regrets her mother’s misplaced expectations, â€Å"My mother and I really never understood one another (Tan 27).† She always felt that she was insufficient and that something really lacked in her troubled life I contrast, Waverly, daughter of Lindo not only happens to be gifted from an early age, but she also happens to be proud and confident about her abilities as she says, â€Å"When I was playing chess, I trusted in myself completely (Tan 25).† She never shared the misgivings, confusion and a sense of dejection and despondency that June is required to face for a major part of her life. Waverly happens to be a girl who has a mind of her own and who could take decisions regarding her like, unlike the wavering and mild June. Yet, very much like June, though being successful and independent, Waverly also badly yearns for the approval of her mother. Quiet akin to June, Waverly really regrets her mother’s habit of bragging about her talent for chess and the high expectations she heaped on her. Thereby like June, Waverly is averse to her mother’s perception of her and how she vitiated her life as she acknowledges her influence on her life by saying, â€Å"What she said was like a curse. This power I had- I could actually feel it draining away (Tan 90).† Hence, though Waverly differed from June in being gifted and endowed with exceptional abilities, yet, like June she also happened to be a victim of great motherly expectations and the domestic pressure that was placed on her right from childhood to be something exceptional an d successful. June and Waverly shared a vitiated and enforced relationship since both of them happened to be childhood rivals right from an early age. Both of their lives were largely shadowed by their mothers’ habit of comparing their talent, abilities and accomplishments. Waverly was gifted in chess and her mother used it as a tool to make June’s mother feel low, a thing that placed both June and Waverly under immense embarrassment and pressure and made them feel inimical towards each other. June particularly feels humiliated by the arrogance

Efficacy of Part Time Staff vis--vis Full-Time Staff Essay

Efficacy of Part Time Staff vis--vis Full-Time Staff - Essay Example Similarly, Wolbers elucidates, â€Å"Dual system participants combine fixed-term contracts with full-time employment while studying workers are not very different from their non-studying colleagues. Working students are more often employed on a part-time basis. Nevertheless, the permanency of these student jobs is fairly high, much closer to the situation of regular employees rather than to that of dual system students† (2003). However, it is believed that â€Å"since the work-life system is multi- and not just two-dimensional, it is important to examine how all life domains interrelate with each other. In this way, we would be in a better position to begin to assess all the benefits and disadvantages associated with working part-time and with other work-life balancing strategies† (Warren, 2004). â€Å"For both men and women, the likelihood to return-to-work increased with increasing number of opportunities to adjust. Adjustment latitude increased returning to part-tim e as well as full-time work. The study indicates that work organization is important for return-to-work† (Gun, 2006). In addition, it is highlighted that â€Å"females, freshmen and full-time (versus part-time) students reported a greater degree of exposure to stressors† ((Buchanan, et al, 2004).â€Å"There are very few small businesses that do not offer coverage and that have substantial numbers of uninsured workers. These businesses are not quite as rare as a needle in a haystack, but they are very difficult to find†.